2008 · Indian J Orthop
How much is the shin bone naturally twisted in Indian adults?
Tibial torsion in non-arthritic Indian adults: a computer tomography study of 100 limbs
In simple words
The shin bone is naturally twisted slightly outwards. This study measured how much in Indian adults, a value surgeons use when aligning knee replacements and treating deformities or fractures.
What the study looked at
CT scans of 100 legs from 50 adults aged 26 to 40 without arthritis.
What it found
The average twist was about 21.6° outwards (range about 5° to 40°). The right shin was about 2° more twisted than the left, and men and women did not differ.
Why it matters for patients
Indian legs showed less twist than reported in Western studies, so local reference values help surgeons plan more accurately.
Authors: Mullaji AB, Sharma AK, Marawar SV, Kohli AF · Indian J Orthop 2008;42(3):309–313